PEST PROFILE, CAMP ROBINSON, ARKANSAS, 26-30 JULY 1993 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity-South Fort McPherson, Georgia 30330-5000 [Seal of Department of Defense, United States of America] REPLY TO ATTENTION OF: HSHB-AS-P PEST PROFILE NO. 16-62-A1AZ-93 CAMP ROBINSON, ARKANSAS 26-30 JULY 1993 1. REFERENCES. See Appendix A for a list of references. 2. AUTHORITY. Memorandum, USAEHA, HSHB-M, 21 September 1992, subject: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Schedule of Field Services, FY93. 3. PURPOSE. The purpose of this profile was to determine medically and economically important pests and their distribution and abundance at Camp Robinson. See Appendix B for other assistance that the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity-South (USAEHA-S) can provide. 4. GENERAL. a. Abbreviations and Terms. A listing of abbreviations and terms is included in Appendix C. b. Survey Personnel. SPC Callahan, Preventive Medicine Specialist, Entomological Sciences Division (ESD), USAEHA-S, and CPT Kelly M. Loftin, Entomologist, ESD conducted this profile. c. Personnel Contacted. A list of the personnel contacted is included in Appendix D. 5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. CPT Loftin and SPC Callahan discussed major findings and recommendations with key personnel at Camp Robinson on 29 July 1993. Recommendations are made to ensure good pest management practices. a. Medically Important Pests. (1) Mosquitoes. (a) General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) battery-driven light traps were set up in several different locations within four days, 26-29 July 1993. Eleven species of adult mosquitoes were captured during the profile. Sampling of roadside pools yielded nine mosquito larvae of the species Anopheles quadrimaculatus, (the malaria mosquito). The roadside pools failed to yield any substantial larvae that lived through shipment back to the USAEHA-S laboratory. Camp Robinson's climate was extremely dry and had received very little rain. Therefore the lack of water left very few sites for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. Appendix E summarizes the location of these traps, the species captured and their numbers. A brief bionomics discussion of each of these species of mosquitoes collected during the survey appears in Appendix F. (b) Aedes albopictus. Three male Asian tiger mosquitoes were reared from eggs deposited on an ovitrap at the tire storage area. There were many truck tires in this storage area, but the survey officer was informed that the tires would be removed within the first week after the survey. The tires were being moved because they serve as artificial breeding sites for the tiger mosquito, which has the potential for the transmission of Yellow Fever or the Dengue hemorrhagic fever. A chart on the total amount of mosquitoes reared from ovitrapping can be found in Appendix G. (2) Horse/Deer Flies. Numerous deer flies were observed in the vicinity of the Grassy Lake light trap site by landing counts. Only one deer fly (Chrysops sp.) was captured from this site, after it fed on a human victim. These pests are extremely painful biters, are often a nuisance to people, and are associated with wildlife diseases. (3) Ticks. Cloth tick drags were used in various locations to sample the tick populations. Appendix H is a map of the areas surveyed for ticks. The ticks captured on the cloth drags were transported to the laboratory, where tick midgut contents were processed by direct immunofluorescent assay for the presence or absence of the spirochetes similar or identical to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Training areas 3(6), TA3(6), yielded five lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum. They were captured and tested negative for the spirochetes. TA5(1) yielded approximately 300 larval lone star ticks, all of which tested negative for the spirochetes. Although all of the ticks captured on this survey tested negative for Lyme disease, there were six cases of Lyme disease reported, three cases Rocky Mountain spotted fever and five cases of Tularemia, reported this year in Pulaski County (the county where Camp Robinson is located). The lone star tick is an aggressive feeder, parasitizing a wide variety of mammal species, including man. The lone star tick is not generally considered to be a common vector of the Lyme disease spirochete in the northern regions of the United States, but there is some indication that it may be a primary vector of tick-borne diseases in the southern regions of the United States. The lone star tick has been implicated in the transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Query fever, and other rickettsial diseases. The dry ice trapping that was conducted during the survey, was the most successful method of capturing ticks. Out of the 77 ticks collected, 71 were from dry ice trapping. Also, out of the 77 ticks collected, only two were of the species Dermacentor variablis, (the American dog tick), the other 75 ticks were of the species Amblyomma americanum. The installation Pest Control Shop was supplied with collection vials, labels, and instructions of how to send ticks to USAEHA-S for evaluation. The USAEHA-S will process any collected ticks for the presence or absence of the causative spirochete responsible for Lyme disease. Appendix I provides information of the various insect and arthropod repellents available to personnel, through the Defense General Supply Center. Additional information and guidance on decreasing exposure to tick-borne diseases may be found in Appendix J. (4) Chigger Mites. Several areas [TA3(6), TA12, TA3(4), and TA5(1)] were infested with chiggers. The survey personnel involved on this survey experienced the severe discomfort of chigger bites, while working in these areas. Use of repellents and the proper wearing of uniforms will aid in the prevention of chigger bites. Appendix I discusses the various repellents available through the Defense General Supply Center. (5) Poisonous Spiders. A single black widow spider, Latrodectus spp., was observed inside of a cement foxhole at Firing Range 24. The black widow could present a problem to soldiers entering or exiting the foxhole without carefully checking the foxhole for spiders. One brown recluse spider, Loxosceles spp. was found in Bldg 16415, and three brown recluse spiders were found in Bldg 16503. These two buildings were dining facilities that were used only during peak training periods and are locked- up for extended periods. These dining facilities should be thoroughly cleaned and inspected for insect activity before usage. Further information on the recognition and control of poisonous spiders can be found on Appendix K. (6) Poisonous Snakes. A water moccasin was found while conducting tick drags at TA3(6), on the edge of the shale pit that had been converted into a large pond. Soldiers should be given training on methods of identification and avoidance of these animals during their orientation. b. Economically Important and Nuisance Pests. (1) Filth Flies. Dining facility garbage dumpsters were surveyed for the presence of filth fly larvae and adults. Very few flies were observed during this survey, however, this survey was not conducted during peak training periods, when large amounts of garbage (filth fly habitat) would be expected. A small number of filth flies were observed at the garbage transfer site where most of the garbage had been bagged. (2) Cockroaches. Cockroach sticky traps (NSN 3740-01-096-1632) were operated at ten of Camp Robinson's Dining Facilities. None to very few German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were collected from eight of these facilities. A moderate cockroach population was observed in Building 16408, which had a refrigerator that was leaking out a small amount of food and water. The Rock Restaurant and Lounge (Bldg 1301) had a moderate to heavy cockroach infestation. However, this facility was permanently closed during this survey to be remodeled and will become an office building. Information on the control and identification of cockroaches can be obtained from Appendix L. (3) Structural Pests. The annually required termite inspections of buildings are conducted by contractors. When infestations are identified, they are treated and reported to the Installation Pest Management Coordinator (IPMC). (4) Pest Management Operations. Camp Robinson's IPMC plans to initiate a self-help program for building occupants and to continue using contracted pest management for the remaining pest problems. The IPMC indicated a need for training and assistance in establishing a Self Help pest management program for building occupants to control household pests. A listing of pesticides suitable for issue in Self Help is given in Appendix M. Approval for Self Help pesticides not listed in that appendix may be obtained from the U.S. Army Environmental Center Pest Management Media Manager, Commander, U.S. Army Environmental Center, ATTN: SFIM-AEC-EC (Pest Management), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5401. 6. CONCLUSIONS. Reported cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and Tularemia in Pulaski County are sufficient reasons for continued tick surveillance on Camp Robinson. Orientations for soldiers should include the recognition of arthropods, poisonous plants, poisonous snakes, and how to effectively use repellents and to avoid unnecessary exposure to organisms that pose a threat to the health of soldiers. During this survey, the presence of the Asian Tiger mosquito was noted. 7. RECOMMENDATIONS. Recommendations are keyed to specific report findings. The paragraph number of the associated finding is listed in brackets at the beginning of each recommendation. The following recommendations are made to ensure regulatory compliance and good pest management practices. a. [5a(1)] Mosquitoes. Conduct and maintain regular larval and adult mosquito surveillance during the spring, summer, and early fall to identify those species present during those seasons. Mosquitoes should be identified and their locations on the installation mapped; including sites that are actual or potential breeding sites. The surveillance should include the inspection of tree holes, artificial containers, and areas where there is standing water, for the presence of Ae. albopictus and other mosquitoes of medical importance. Additionally, ovitraps should be used in training and cantonment areas that troops frequently use to identify breeding sites for the species. Light trapping should be used to supplement ovitrapping to identify potential vectors of disease. Pest management personnel should be given the results of these surveys as an aid and planning guide to their operations. The personnel at USAEHA-S will supply materials, and guidance needed for ovitrapping, and will identify adult/larval mosquitoes collected by light traps and other specimen from surveillance activities. Instructions for conducting surveillance activities can be found in Technical Bulletin Medical (TB MED) 561 [Army Regulation (AR)40-5, para 2-2(i), 10-3b(1) (2)(3) and para 10-7(b)(c); AR 420-76, para 2-6a(1) and 2-6a(3)]. b. [5b(1)] Filth Flies. Inspect dumpsters regularly for cleanliness and to ensure that the lids are in good repair and closed [TB MED 530, para 5-24a(2) and 5-24c; TB MED 561, para 4-4(c)]. c. [5a(3)] Ticks. A regular schedule of tick surveillance using cloth drags, or dry ice traps should be planned to determine the species present and their distribution in high use areas at Camp Robinson. Live ticks can be sent to USAEHA-S for processing for the presence of the Lyme disease spirochete, at the address USAEHA-S, ATTN: ESD, Bldg 180, Fort McPherson, GA 30330-5000. ESD can provide guidance in tick survey techniques and live specimens shipment for analysis. Commanders should be furnished with maps showing areas of heavy tick infestation. Public awareness programs should be implemented or at least made available, to educate installation personnel and visitors to behavioral and protective measures against ticks and tick-borne diseases. d. [5a(5)] Spiders. Conduct surveys at the firing points and other areas of increased troop involvement to determine if brown recluse or black widow spiders are present. Notify appropriate command personnel of the potential hazards and of the steps of how to minimize the hazard. Forward the results of the surveys to pest control so that pest management operations can be performed in areas with large populations of poisonous spiders. [AR 40-5, para 2-2(i), 10-3b(1)(2) and 10-7(b)(c); AR 420-76, para 2-6a(1) and 2-6(3)]. [signature] WILLIAM H.H. CALLAHAN Preventive Medicine Specialist Entomological Sciences Division [signature] KELLY M. LOFTIN CPT, MS Entomologist Entomological Sciences Division APPROVED: [signature of Kelly M. Loftin] for MICHAEL R. COLLYER MAJ, MS Chief Entomological Sciences Division APPENDIX A REFERENCES 1. AR 40-5, 15 October 1990, Preventive Medicine. 2. AR 200-1, April 1990, Environmental Protection and Enhancement. 3. AR 420-76, 3 June 1986, Pest Management. 4. Health Services Command Pamphlet 40-3, October 1985, Environmental Health Program. 5. Memorandum for The Adjutant General of All States, Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Guam and the District of Columbia, 10 June 1991, All States Log No. I91-0189. 6. Memorandum for The Adjutant General of All States, Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Guam and the District of Columbia, 15 September 1992, All States Log No. I92-0358. 7. Memorandum to All DRMO Chiefs, Subject: Asian Tiger Mosquito (ATM) and Used Tire Casings, DRMO-OO, 30 March 1988. 8. Military Handbook-1028/8A, 1 November 1991, Design of Pest Management Facilities. 9. Memorandum, USAEHA-S, HSHB-AS-P, 24 January 1990, Pest Management Survey No. 16-62-0528-90, Camp Robinson, Arkansas, 29 November - 1 December 1989. 10. TB MED 530, November 1991, Occupational and Environmental Health Food Service Sanitation. 11. TB MED 561, June 1992, Occupational and Environmental Health Pest Surveillance. 12. TB 114, March 1976, Guide for the Medical Surveillance of Pest Controllers. 13. Technical Information Manual (TIM) 15, September 1980, Pesticide Spill Prevention and Management. 14. TIM 16, June 1981, Pesticide Fires: Prevention Control, and Cleanup. 15. TIM 17, November 1993, Pest Control Facilities. 16. Matheson, Robert 1944. Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc. APPENDIX B TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Technical advice or consultation on pest management problems, to include on-site assistance, may be obtained by telephoning our Activity, DSN 572-2564. Other services that we assist you with are as follows: 1. Entomological laboratory support 2. Pesticide equipment calibration 3. Pest management document review 4. Environmental laboratory support 5. Hazardous waste management 6. Industrial hygiene management 7. Sanitation and hygiene 8. Waste water management 9. Water supply management 10. Worksite hazards management For assistance in any of the above listed programs, please call: Entomological Sciences Division - DSN 572-2564 Environmental Health and Engineering Division - DSN 572-2727 Potable, recreational and waste water quality; hazardous waste management; document/design reviews. Industrial Hygiene Division - DSN 572-2827 Industrial hygiene; hazard communication; field sanitation and hygiene; protective equipment programs; document/design reviews. Laboratory Division - DSN 572-3236 Routine and emergency analysis of occupational health-related samples and environmental (water and soil) samples. During non-duty hours calls will be recorded by an answering machine (DSN 572-2564) and returned the next normal workday. Many additional occupational and environmental health related services are available from our parent organization, the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, and are described in AEHA Pamphlet 40-2, Directory of Services (published annually). We will gladly coordinate any additional services you request and that we cannot provide, with our parent organization. APPENDIX C ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS AR Army Regulation ARNG Army National Guard Bldg Building CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DGSC Defense General Supply Center DSN Defense Switched Network ESD Entomological Sciences Division IDAA Individual Dynamic Absorption Application IPMC Installation Pest Management Coordinator NSN National Stock Number TA Training Area TB MED Technical Bulletin Medical TG Technical Guide TIM Technical Information Memorandum TSC Training Support Center USAEHA U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency USAEHA-S U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity-South APPENDIX D PERSONNEL CONTACTED 1. MAJ Holmes, Facilities Management Officer, Military Department of Arkansas, Construction and Facilities Management Office, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas 2. MAJ Smith, Environmental Protection Specialist, Military Department of Arkansas, Construction and Facilities Management Office, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas.* 3. 1LT Gary Bill, Troop Medical Clinic, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 4. MSG Colbert, U.S. Property and Fiscal Office Warehouse, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 5. SSG Fresenda, Military Department of Arkansas, Construction and Facilities Management Office, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 6. Ms. Patricia Anslow, Land Condition Trend Analysis Program Manager, Military Department of Arkansas, Construction and Facilities Management Office, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. +* 7. Mr. Doug Ernst, State Environmental Specialist, Military Department of Arkansas, Construction and Facilities Management Office, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. +* 8. Mr. Roy Hanley, Troop Medical Clinic, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 9. Mr. J.P. Hankings, Assistant Warehouse Foreman, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 10. Mr. Mac Lynch, U.S. Property and Fiscal Office Warehouse, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. 11. Mr. Roy Hanley, Troop Medical Clinic, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, Arkansas. -------- + = Personnel receiving an inbriefing. * = Personnel receiving an outbriefing. APPENDIX E LIGHT TRAPPING LIGHT TRAPPING RESULTS COLLECTION SITE COLLECTION DATE SPECIES COLECTED 26-27 JULY 1993 MALE FEMALES TOTAL Anopholeses pseudopunctipennis SITE 3 0 7 7 Anopholeses quadnimaculatus SITE 3 0 5 5 Culex nigripalpus SITE 3 0 39 39 Culex restuans SITE 3 0 6 6 Culex salinarius SITE 3 5 5 10 Culex tarsalis SITE 3 3 30 33 Culex ferritians SITE 3 0 0 0 Psorophora columbiae SITE 3 0 7 7 Uranotaenia sapphirina SITE 3 0 10 10 Coquillettidia perturbans SITE 3 3 21 24 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL 11 130 141 LIGHT TRAPPING RESULTS COLLECTION SITE COLLECTION DATE SPECIES COLECTED 26-27 JULY 1993 MALES FEMALES TOTALS Anopheles pseudopunctipennis SITE 4 0 16 16 Anopheles punctipennis SITE 4 0 40 40 Anopheles quadrimaculatus SITE 4 0 27 27 Culex salinarius SITE 4 0 5 5 Culex ferritians SITE 4 0 6 6 Psorophors columbiae SITE 4 0 24 24 Uranotaenia sapphirina SITE 4 5 32 37 Coquillettidia perturbans SITE 4 0 145 145 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL 5 295 300 LIGHT TRAPPING RESULTS COLLECTION SITE COLLECTION DATE SPECIES COLECTED 26-27 JULY 1993 MALE FEMALES TOTAL Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Housing 1 0 1 Anopheles punctipennis Grassy lake 0 9 9 Coquillettidia perturbans Grassy lake 0 16 16 Coquillettidia perturbans Running track 0 16 16 Coquillettidia perturbans housing 0 57 57 Coquillettidia perturbans TA3 0 3 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL 1 101 102 APPENDIX F BIONOMICS OF THE ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO INTRODUCTION. An established, breeding population of the Asian tiger mosquito (ATM), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), was first discovered near Houston, Harris County, Texas August 2, 1985. The species has been found in over 21 states (including Hawaii). The potential for spread of the ATM in the U.S. is great. It is established in northern Japan, China and Korea and can pass the colder months as a diapausing ("resting") egg. It has been recovered in the U.S. from regions as far north as Chicago. The ATM also prospers in tropical and temperate climates and is widespread in Asia and in the Pacific regions. The ATM has been collected from 55 of Georgia's 159 counties; as far north as White and as far south as Colquitt and Glynn Counties. REPRODUCTION. The Asian tiger mosquito is normally a forest-dweller, breeding in water-filled tree holes and leaf axils, but has adapted to both rural and urban environments, breeding in man-made containers such as cemetery flower pots, pails and tin cans/bottles. Egg laying (oviposition) generally occurs in the late afternoon in shaded environments. Each female deposits only a few eggs at a time in several different containers. Eggs laid just above the waterline can remain viable without being flooded for over 6 months. Females generally take a blood meal before ovipositing. However, certain ATM populations have been reported capable of producing viable eggs without feeding on blood (autogeny). Larvae are similar in appearance and behavior to Ae. aegypti. Larvae were found at the Recreation Area in only about 100 ml of water in the end of a vertical section of 1" galvanized pipe. Total life cycle may take as little as one week, depending on temperature and food availability. Adults may live up to 14 days. ADULT FEEDING. The female ATM is a very persistent and painful biter. Feeding commonly takes place in early morning and late afternoon, but can occur throughout the day. Females are extremely opportunistic and will take blood meals from a wide variety of mammals and birds. DISEASE VECTORING CAPABILITIES. The tiger mosquito has proven a suitable host under laboratory conditions of viruses other than Dengue. Serving as a host of a particular virus does not imply direct transmission to humans, however, it could act as an important mechanism for the maintenance and spread of viruses within the wild animal populations. It is an efficient vector of the Dengue virus, the microfilaria responsible for dog heartworm and the LaCrosse encephalitis virus which may be transmitted from an infected female mosquito to offspring through the eggs (transovarial transmission). Establishment of the species could increase the potential for acquiring the encephalitis and other viruses in the southeastern U.S. Eastern equine encephalitis has been isolated from wild populations of the ATM in Florida. Although the virus usually attacks horses, humans are vulnerable to it. Although the ATM has not been implicated in disease outbreaks in the U.S., its ability to host viruses and aggressively feed on humans makes it a potential arbovirus vector. Females take weekly blood meal from multiple hosts, thus magnify their disease vectoring potential. CONTROL. Truck tires in interstate used-tire commerce industry are partially blamed for the introduction of the ATM into new regions within the U.S. The hardiness of the eggs and larvae enable them to survive long distance introductions. The ATM's diurnal habits, ability to breed in a variety of habitats and its genetic variability makes conventional chemical control difficult. It has also shown localized resistance to certain pesticides including malathion and bendiocarb. BIONOMICS OF THE MOSQUITO SPECIES COLLECTED AT CAMP ROBINSON Aedes albopictus (Skuse), a recently introduced species, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is a persistent daytime biter known to effectively transmit Dengue and Yellow Fever. This species commonly breeds in artificial automotive tire carcasses and other artificial containers. Adults generally remain within 0.25 mile of the breeding site. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Theobald), the distribution of this species in the U.S. has been known to be found in the southwestern and southern regions of the U.S. In states such as AR, KS, LA, MS, MO, NM, OK, TN, and TX. Its breeding places are clear water rich in algae and exposed to sunlight and along the grassy edges of sluggish streams. The adult female mosquitoes are house invaders and readily feed on man. In Mexico and Guatemala it is reported to be the principal vector of malaria where it occurs. What part this mosquito plays in the transmission of malaria in the U.S. is not well known. Anopheles punctipennis (Say), the distribution of this species in the U.S. has been found widely throughout the entire U.S., except in the region of the Rocky Mountain region between Canada and New Mexico. It breeds anywhere there is suitable water present. The larvae have been found in rain water barrels, puddles, ruts in muddy roads, grassy bogs, swamps, and along the edges of ponds, lakes and streams. The adult females attack mainly at twilight and rarely cause much trouble after dark. In the daytime they will attack if disturbed, but do not attack with vigor. The species has been a known host of the dog heartworm. APPENDIX G OVICUP TRAPPING RESULTS 28 JULY-01 AUGUST 93 SPECIES COLLECTED MALES FEMALES TOTAL Aedes albopictus 3 0 3 TOTAL 3 0 3 APPENDIX H SURVEYED AREAS OF CAMP ROBINSON [Map omitted] APPENDIX I REPELLENTS 1. Several repellent products are available through the Defense General Supply Center (DGSC) or Self Service Supply System. When used in accordance with label directions and in conjunction with the proper wearing of the uniform, they provide personal protection against a wide variety of medically important insect/arthropod pests. Availability and current pricing can be obtained by calling the DGSC at DSN 695-4865: a. Insect/Arthropod Repellent Lotion (cream, 2 fluid ounces). The lotion, NSN 6840-01-284-3982, is not labeled for ticks, but will repel chigger mites and many biting flies. b. Permethrin Arthropod Repellent, Insect Repellent, Clothing Application (aerosol, 6 ounces) NSN 6840-01-278-1336. Seventy-five percent of the can is used to apply to the field uniform and the remainder is used to treat mosquito netting. The product provides protection from ticks and mosquitoes through six normal washings. c. Insect Repellent Fabric Treatment (liquid, 5.1 fluid ounces) NSN 6840-01-334-2666. The contents are added to 2 gallons of water and applied with the 2-gallon sprayer from a field sanitation kit at a pressure of 50 pounds per square inch to field uniforms, mosquito netting, and tent fabric to provide protection from ticks and biting flies and other insects. Since most sprayers are not equipped with the required pressure gauge (NSN 3740- 01-332-8746), it will be necessary to obtain a pressure gauge and filter (NSN 4330-01-332-1639), in order to complete the retrofitting. Proper application can provide protection for the normal life of the uniform, six washings of mosquito netting, and 6-9 months of treatment for tent fabric, depending on climate. d. Insect Repellent, Clothing Application IDAA kit, NSN 6840-01-345- 0237. One kit treats one complete battle dress uniform. Treatment lasts for repeated (30 or more) washings. Note: Dry cleaning will remove the treatment. Mark advice code "2B" (no substitutions) when ordering this kit. 2. Detailed directions for the use of these and other repellents can be found in the TG 174, Personal Protective Techniques Against Insects and Other Arthropods of Military Significance. An informative VHS 0.5-inch audio-visual tape about repellent application entitled "Application of the Arthropod Repellent System" (PIN 708575) and (TVT 8-232) is also available from the supporting TSC. APPENDIX J JUST THE FACTS TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Just the Facts - Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 16-001-0593 * Identification * Geographic Location * Tick-borne Disease * Care of Tick Bites The following information will help you avoid tick-related problems as you live, train, work, or play in or around the grassy or wooded habitats where ticks are found. IDENTIFICATION Unlike insects, adult ticks have eight legs, relating them more closely with spiders and scorpions. The tick's body is also fused into a single region instead of having the head, thoracic, and abdominal regions typical of insects. There are two distinguishable families of ticks: (1) the hard ticks, which have hard smooth skin and an apparent head; and (2) the soft ticks with tough, leathery, pitted skin and no distinct head. The hard ticks are the ticks we most commonly find in the woodlands and on our pets. Soft ticks are generally less often observed and are found in caves and on birds. It is the hard ticks we associate with most of our common tick-borne diseases in the United States. For assistance in identifying ticks contact the local personnel in the pest control shop, Preventive Medicine Service, Health Clinic, or the Entomological Sciences Division, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity- South. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION Keep in mind that not all ticks carry a tick-borne disease, so a tick bite does not necessarily mean that disease will follow. However, there are several ticks that are potential vectors of tick-borne diseases. In the Northeast and Midwest is the deer tick (Ixodes dammini), reported to be the same species as the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis); the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus) and the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) in the West; the black-legged tick in the South; and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum), which are found throughout much of the United States. LYME DISEASE The causative agent of Lyme disease is the spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Frequency Lyme disease has become the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. Cases have been report in 48 states, with the greatest number of cases occuring every year in the northeastern states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey; in the upper midwest states of Wisconsin and Minnesota; and in the western states of California and Oregon. The disease is spreading rapidly, however, with an increasing number of diagnosed cases in the southeastern and southern states. Symptoms The most apparent and common symptom of Lyme disease, occuring in 50 to 65 percent of the cases, is a rash around the site of the tick bite. The rash appears within 3 days to 3 weeks after the bite and expands in a ring or bull's eye pattern, with the center area clear. Other complaints include flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, headache, and extreme fatigue. Although Lyme disease rarely causes death, the disease can cause a great deal of pain and discomfort if allowed to progress to later stages. If you have been in an area where ticks are found and you develop any of the symptoms mentioned above, especially during the period from May through early Fall, see a physician for evaluation immediately. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER The causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is the rickettsial organism, Rickettsia rickettsii. Frequency RMSF was originally found in the Rocky Mountains, but is now much more abundant in the Southeast and South-central United States. Oklahoma, North and South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Georgia, and Tennessee often lead the nation in the number of reported cases of this disease. Symptoms Usually the first symptoms of RMSF appear 3 to 14 days after the tick bite and include sudden fever, chills, muscle aches, bloodshot eyes, and headaches. There may also be nervous symptoms, such as sleeplessness, restlessnes, and delirium. In about 50 percent of the patients, a characteristic spotty rash occurs on the feet and hands within 2 to 3 days of the fever. The rash may move to the rest of the body, but does not start on the trunk of the body like the rashes caused by measles and some other disease. Although this disease can be effectively controlled with antibiotics following prompt treatment, fatalities do occur. HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS Human ehrlichiosis is caused by the rickettsial organism Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Frequency Human ehrlichiosis was first reported from Arkansas in 1986. It has been found in at least 11 other southern states. Symptoms Symptoms of Human ehrlichiosis can be very mild to severe, requiring hospitalization, and include fever, chills, headache, aches and pains in the joints and muscles, loss of appetite, eye pain, nausea, and vomiting. There is usually no rash. PREVENTION Wear clothing properly. To greatly reduce your chance of tick bite, follow the DOD Repellent System of wearing proper clothing. Blouse or tuck your uniform legs into your boots and wear your sleeves down. Civilians should tuck their pant legs into their socks, and their shirt into their pants. Light colored clothing makes it easier to spot ticks. In addition, when in the field, "buddy up" and routinely check for ticks every few hours or as frequently as possible. After returning, remove your clothing and check your body carefully. Pay special attention to hairy or warm, moist parts of the body. Use repellants. The DOD Repellent System also recommends applying deet repellent, NSN 6840- 01-284-3982, to any exposed skin surfaces, and permethrin repellent spray, NSN 6840-01-278-1336, to your uniform or field clothing. NEVER USE PERMETHRIN ON YOUR SKIN. The permethrin repellent is best applied to clothing prior to wearing. Allow the repellent to dry before using the treated clothing. ONCE BITTEN If you find a tick embedded in your skin, do not squash or burn it. Use tweezers to grasp the tick's mouthparts as close to the skin as possible, and pull it straight outward. Pull slowly, firmly, and steadily. Because the tick's central mouthpart is long and covered with barbs, it can be difficult to remove. Be patient. The prompt and careful removal of attached ticks greatly lessens the possibility of obtaining a tick-borne disease. Wash the bite site and apply an antiseptic. Save the tick in alcohol or freeze it in a pill vial or plastic bag in case symptoms appear and identification of the tick becomes necessary. If symptoms do appear, seek medical attention immediately. --------------------------------------- Entomological Sciences Division U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity-South, Ft. McPherson, GA 30330- 5000 DSN 572-2564 or Commercial 404-752-2564 Nationally Recognized as the Center of Matrixed Occupational and Environmental Health Excellence AEHA From 326, 1 Dec 92 (HSHB-CS) APPENDIX K JUST THE FACTS ON SPIDERS U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Just the Facts - ...On Spiders 16-003-0593 * Brown Recluse * Black Widow * Spider Control * Care of Spider Bites Spiders are important predators that keep insect populations under control. While some people are extremely allergic to spider venom or have a great phobia of spiders, only the recluse spiders and the widow spiders are considered dangerous to humans. Even tarantulas, frequently mistaken for dangerous spiders, are not normally lethal to man. It is critical to become familiar with the behaviors of spiders and to understand how to control spider populations in the home. BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER The Brown Recluse spider inhabits many southern states. The spider has adapted well to living with humans, and particularly likes cluttered basements, closets, and garages. It is most active at night. The spider's body is only 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, and its coloring varies from orange-yellow to dark brown to almost black. The most distinct characteristics of the Brown Recluse spider are its eyes, with six eyes in three pairs arranged in a semi-circle on the forepart of the head; and a violin-shaped mark on the spider's back, with the neck of the "violin" formed by a short groove. The bite from this spider causes a stinging sensation and then intense pain. Within 24 to 36 hours, the victim may experience restlessness, fever, chills, nausea, weakness, and joint pain. The bite also produces a small blister surrounded by a large swollen area. The venom usually kills the affected tissue, which sloughs away and exposes the underlying tissue. The edges around the wound thicken, while the center fills with scar tissue. Healing takes 6 to 8 weeks or longer. Scars usually result. BLACK WIDOW SPIDER The Black Widow spider is located across the entire United States. A timid creature, the Black Widow spider is found around houses, garages, rain spouts, and in many other secluded places. Females sometimes eat the males after mating, giving the widow spider its name. The Black Widow measures 1-1/2 inches in length. Female spiders are jet black, and their lower abdomen is marked by two orange to reddish triangles resembling an hourglass. Sometimes the victim doesn't feel the Black Widow's bite. A slight swelling later occurs, with two red spots and a redness surrounding the bite. Pain becomes intense in 1 to 3 hours and many continue for up to 48 hours. Victims experience abdominal pains, a rise in blood pressure, nausea, profuse perspiration, leg cramps, tremors, loss of muscle tone and vomiting. In addition, the toxin may cause problems with breathing and occasional unconsciousness. Death from Black Widow spider bites occurs in less than 5 percent of the incidents. SPIDER CONTROL Spiders are kept under control in and around the house by frequent cleaning of those areas where spiders like to live, such as closets, cellars, and porches. To prevent a spider infestation, use screens, caulk, or weather stripping to seal entry ways for the spiders. Use sticky traps (available in self-help stores) in harborage areas to determine if spiders are present. Contact the local pest control shop, preventive medicine service, or health clinic for identification assistance, if necessary. Consider chemical control only when necessary. Products containing diazinon, pyrethrin, chloropyrifos, beniocarb, or a mixture of these insecticides are effective in controlling spider populations. Before applying insecticides, read and follow the instructions on the product labels. Follow the installation's procedures for obtaining professional assistance when control of these spiders is necessary. ONCE BITTEN Apply an ice pack or alcohol directly to the spider bite and the surrounding area to reduce swelling. In case of a severe reaction, consult a medical professional immediately. -------------------------------- Entomological Sciences Division U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity-South, Ft. McPherson, GA 30330- 5000 DSN 572-2564 or Commercial 404-752-2564 Nationally Recognized as the Center of Matrixed Occupational and Environmental Health Excellence AEHA Form 326. 1 Dec 92 (HSHB-CS) APPENDIX L JUST THE FACTS COCKROACH CONTROL U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Just the Facts - Cockroach Control 16-002-0593 * Behavior Patterns * Chemical Control Cockroaches are unwanted pests. And, because cockroaches contaminate food and food utensils with their excrement and saliva and disease organisms, their control is crucial. BEHAVIOR PATTERNS Most types of cockroaches live outdoors, although some are well adapted to living indoors with humans. While they prosper in polluted areas, even the most clean and sanitary areas are at risk of infestation. Cockroaches are primarily nocturnal and appear during the day usually when disturbed or when large populations exist and they seek additional harborage (hiding places). Indoors, they prefer warm, dark, humid shelters, such as cracks under or inside cabinets; behind window or door frames; in bathrooms; in motor compartments of appliances; or around the kitchen and bathroom sink. Outdoors, cockroaches find harborage in decorative bark, leaf litter, and in sewer manholes. While cockroaches feed on a wide variety of food items, including starchy foods, baked goods, and meat, some also enjoy a feast of leather, wallpaper paste, and book bindings. CONTROL It is easier to prevent a cockroach infestation than to control an established population. Cleanliness and elimination of harborage sites lessens the possibility of cockroaches entering the home. However, should an invasion occur, a variety of control measures should be taken to eliminate any infestation. Prevention...the best technique. All cockroaches require food, water, and harborage. Denying cockroaches from any of these essential elements will cause their demise. Exclusion. Maintain tight fitting doors and window screens in good repair. Check the thresholds at the bottom of your entrance doors to see if they fit tightly if not, contact the proper maintenance [original copy unreadable]. [Original copy unreadable] all tight containers for food (including pet food) items. Caulk cracks and crevices along kitchen splash boards and around window and door frames. Contact your local self-help store or maintenance personnel for caulking and repainting door thresholds. Use trash receptacles with tight fitting lids. Rinse out and recycle aluminum or glass containers and store them and other recyclable items in containers with tight fitting lids. Sanitation. Maintain good sanitation. Clean up spills. Do not leave "dirty" dishes in the sink or on kitchen counters overnight. Pet food dishes should also be emptied each evening. Harborage location. Cockroaches and their likely habitats must be identified to achieve effective control. Several simple techniques exist for determining harborage sites. One method is to locate where cockroaches are hiding by using a flashlight after darkness occurs. Cockroach traps are another very effective method to find cockroach harborages. These traps are nontoxic and contain a sticky adhesive coating inside. The cockroaches enter the trap and become immobilized. All installations are required to have a self help pest management program which should include these cockroach sticky traps. The number of traps required will depend on the size of the area and the extent of the infestation. Normally about six traps per home are adequate. Place traps in paths between the cockroaches' [original copy unreadable]. Examples of locations include under kitchen appliances; in kitchen and storage room cabinets; washrooms, and in cabinets under bathroom and kitchen sinks. If no cockroaches are captured after three or four nights, move the trap to another location. In addition to recognizing all known or suspected cockroach habitats and harborages, inspection of incoming materials, such as dry cleaning, groceries, or luggage can prevent infestations. Keep in mind, cockroach trapping will not usually eliminate large cockroach populations. When combined with preventive measures, however, trapping can limit the number of cockroaches entering the home and constrain indoor breeding. Trapping is effective in identifying hiding places, monitoring the severity of the infestation, detecting populations where insecticide treatment is necessary, and assists in identifying the different types of cockroaches. Identification. Identify the type of cockroaches. Different species of cockroaches have different preferred harborage sites. By knowing the type (species), control efforts can be much more effective. For obtaining information on cockroach identification, contact the installation self-help store, pest control shop, preventive medicine service, or health clinic. Insecticides. Insecticides can effectively control cockroach populations when combined with other control techniques. However, consider the following items to get the most from insecticide applications: Perform all housekeeping duties prior to applying insecticides to reduce washing off applied insecticides. Before applying insecticides, read the instructions on the product labels. Identify the cockroaches' harborage sites. Carefully apply insecticides directly into the cracks, crevices, and voids where cockroaches occur. Treating these areas ensures that most of the cockroach population is affected. Be sure to not over apply insecticides. Over application is dangerous to your health and may hinder control efforts by repelling cockroaches. Contact the installation self-help store for obtaining guidance and effective insecticides for resolving cockroach infestations. All installations are required to maintain a self-help pest management program. HINT: All self-help stores are authorized to distribute cockroach sticky traps and boric acid insecticide dust. This insecticide dust is one of the safest and most effective materials available to building occupants and professional pest control applicators. Treat outdoor populations as well as indoor infestations. Since cockroaches invade homes from the outside, they may reinfest the home once the insecticide disappears. This reinforces the need for tight fitting door thresholds. Remove all cockroach access routes by caulking harborage sites after treating the sites with an insecticide. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For additional assistance regarding cockroach control, contact your local pest control shop, preventive medicine service, or health clinic. -------------------- Entomological Sciences Division U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Activity South, Ft. McPherson, GA 30330- 5000 DSN 572-2564 or Commercial 404-752-2564 Nationally Recognized as the Center of Matrixed Occupational and Environmental Health Excellence AEHA Form 326. 1 Dec 92 (HSHB-CS) APPENDIX M PEST CONTROL MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR ISSUE IN SELF-HELP PROGRAMS The following list was extracted from Technical Note No. 420-76-1, 22 September 1989, U.S. Army Engineering and Housing Support Center: 1. The items listed below are considered appropriate for issue as part of self-help pest control programs; nonstandard and State-registered pesticides must be approved by the Major Command pest management consultant in accordance with AR 420-76. These consultants may authorize substitutions when replacement items contain the same or similar active ingredient(s) and the product meets use patterns and target pest requirements. Substitutions, and specific recommendations/prohibitions should be made after consultation with the appropriate medical authority. a. Insecticide, COMBAT [Registered], amidinohydrazone, 1.65 percent, cockroach bait station, regular size, NSN 6840-01-180-0167. b. Insecticide, COMBAT, amidinohydrazone, 1.65 percent, cockroach bait station, large size, NSN 6840-01-224-1269. c. Insecticide, COMBAT, amidinohydrazone, 0.9-1.0 percent, Ant Control System (bait), nonstandard - local purchase item; useful for household ants other than pharaoh ants. d. Insecticide, D-trans Allethrin and Resmethrin, 0.15 percent and 0.2 percent respectively, aerosol, NSN 6840-01-067-2137, coded for local purchase. e. Insecticide, 0.5 pyrethrin or 0.25 pyrethrin - 0.25 allethrin, aerosol (Whitmire [Registered] PT 565, Whitmire PT 565 plus, or similar), NSN 6840-00-823-7849. f. Insecticide, hydramethylnon, 0.9 percent, Maxforce [Registered] Pharaoh Ant Bait), NSN 6840-01-298-1122. g. Insecticide, hydramethylnon, 0.88 percent, (Amdro [Registered] Fire Ant Bait, in 6-oz. bottles) NSN 6840-01-287-3913; coded for local purchase. h. Insecticide, amorphous silica gel, 40.0 percent minimum, with or without pyrethrum insecticide; nonstandard - local purchase item. i. Insecticide, boric acid, 52.0 percent, (IT WORKS [Registered] Cockroach Bait Station or similar) nonstandard - local purchase item. j. Insecticide, boric acid, 20.0 percent, aerosol, (Whitmire PT 240 Perma-Dust [Registered]), NSN 6840-01-287-3938, coded for local purchase. k. Insecticide, boric acid, 99.0 percent, (Roach Kill [Registered] or equal), 10 oz. squeeze bottle, nonstandard - local purchase item. l. Insecticide, Pyrethrin (WASP FREEZE [Registered], WASP STOPPER [Registered]), 0.5 percent, 14 oz. aerosol, NSN 6840-00-459-2443, coded for local purchase. m. Insect Repellent, Personal Application, 31.58 percent DEET, 2-oz. tubes, NSN 6840-01-284-3982, (3M [Registered], EPA 58007-1). n. Insect Repellent, clothing application, aerosol, (Permanone Tick Repellent), NSN 6840-01-278-1336. o. Trap, roach, (Mr. Sticky [Registered] or similar), NSN 3740-01-096- 1632. p. Trap, rodent, glue, [Model M-319 (Victor [Registered] Holdfast) or similar], NSN 3740-01-240-6170. q. Mouse trap, spring, NSN 3740-00-252-3384. r. Swatter, fly, NSN 3740-00-252-3383. s. Sticky tape/ribbon, fly, nonstandard - local purchase item. 2. Issue of the following items in self-help programs is prohibited: a. Insecticide, d-Phenothrin, 2 percent aerosol, 12-oz. can, NSN 6840- 01-067-6740. b. Spring loaded rat traps. c. Rodent baits. d. Herbicides other than "weed and feed" type fertilizers. 3. Many of the products listed are also available under similar nomenclature but with other stock numbers; these other products are often in unwieldy containers that may lead to waste or inappropriate use. Requisitions should be prepared to indicate that substitutions to the item requested are not acceptable. 4. Pesticides issued by self-help programs will be included in the installations's Pest Management Report (DD Form 1532 or other authorized format); Major Commands will establish procedures for gathering pesticide issue information and will guard against excessive and indiscriminate use of chemicals. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Registered] COMBAT and Maxforce are registered trademarks of the Chlorox Company, Oakland, California 94612. [Registered] Whitmire and PT are registered trademarks of the Whitmire Research Laboratories, St Louis, Missouri. [Registered] Amdro is a registered trademark of American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, New Jersey. [Registered] IT WORKS is a registered trademark of It Works, Inc., 239 Glenville Road, Greenwich, CT 06831. [Registered] Perma-Dust is a registered trademark of Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63122. [Registered] Roach Kill is a registered trademark of R Value, P.O. Box 2235, Smyrna, Georgia. [Registered] WASP FREEZE and WASP STOPPER are registered trademarks of Whitmire Research Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri. [Registered] 3M is a registered trademark of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota. [Registered] Mr. Sticky is a registered trademark of NO-TEX Products, Inc., 50 North 41st Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85009. [Registered] Victor is a registered trademark of Woodstream, An EKCO Group Co., P.O. Box 327, Little, PA 17543-0327.